This version was machine-translated from German and has not been medically reviewed. The authoritative version is the German version.
Pulmonology & Asthma
17 calculators · spirometry, asthma and bronchiolitis scores, oxygenation indices
Here you will find calculators and scores for pulmonology and asthma diagnostics in children: spirometry reference values according to GLI-2012 and GLI global 2022, bronchodilator response, asthma scores (PRAM, PAS, PASS, Respiratory Score), the Asthma Predictive Index according to Castro-Rodríguez 2000 and Guilbert 2004, the Westley croup score and bronchiolitis scores (RDAI, Wang). Oxygenation indices such as OI, OSI, PaO₂/FiO₂, SpO₂/FiO₂ according to PALICC-2 2023 and the alveolar-arterial gradient complete the selection. The calculators are intended for interpreting lung function, severity and oxygenation. Each calculator states its formula and sources.
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Spirometry reference values (GLI)
FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 and FEF75: predicted, LLN and z-score according to GLI-2012 and GLI global 2022 -
PRAM score (asthma)
Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure: severity of an acute asthma exacerbation, 0–12 points -
Westley Croup Score
Severity of a croup episode: consciousness, cyanosis, stridor, air entry, retractions, 0–17 points -
Bronchodilator Response
Change in FEV1 and FVC after bronchodilation – ERS/ATS 2022 (> 10 % of predicted) and ATS/ERS 2005 (≥ 12 % and ≥ 200 ml) -
Pediatric Asthma Score (PAS)
Respiratory rate, oxygen requirement, auscultation, retractions, dyspnea – 5–15 points (Kelly 2000) -
Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS)
Wheezing, work of breathing, prolonged expiration – 0–2 points each (Gorelick 2004) -
Respiratory Score for Asthma
Respiratory rate, retractions, dyspnea, auscultation – 1–12 points (Seattle Children's Asthma Pathway) -
Asthma Predictive Index (API)
Major and minor criteria in young children with recurrent wheezing – prediction of asthma at school age (Castro-Rodríguez 2000) -
Modified Asthma Predictive Index (mAPI)
≥ 4 wheezing episodes plus major/minor criteria including aeroallergen and food sensitization (Guilbert 2004) -
RDAI – Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument
Wheezing (expiration, inspiration, distribution) and retractions (supraclavicular, intercostal, subcostal) – 0–17 points -
Wang Bronchiolitis Score
Respiratory rate, wheezing, retractions, general condition – 0–3 points each (Wang 1992) -
Oxygenation Index (OI)
FiO₂ × mean airway pressure × 100 ÷ PaO₂ – PARDS severity according to PALICC-2 and PALICC 2015 -
Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI)
FiO₂ × mean airway pressure × 100 ÷ SpO₂ – non-invasive alternative to the OI (SpO₂ ≤ 97 %) -
PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio
Horowitz index with PARDS criteria for children on noninvasive ventilation (PALICC-2) -
SpO₂/FiO₂ Ratio
Pulse oximetry surrogate for the PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio (SpO₂ ≤ 97 %) with PARDS criteria -
Alveolar-arterial O₂ gradient
PAO₂ − PaO₂ from FiO₂, barometric pressure, PaCO₂ and PaO₂ – with age-dependent expected value -
6-minute walk test: predicted value for children (Switzerland, Ulrich 2013)
Expected walking distance in 6 minutes for 5–16 years by age, height and weight; measured distance in % of the predicted value
Frequently asked questions
Which spirometry reference values apply to children?
The spirometry reference values (GLI) calculator provides values for 3 to 95 years according to GLI-2012 with an ethnicity factor and GLI global 2022 without. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 and FEF75 are output with the lower limit of normal.
Which score should I use for the severity of bronchiolitis?
The choices are the Wang Bronchiolitis Score (four items, sum 0–12, for hospitalized infants) and the RDAI according to Lowell 1987 (sum 0–17) as a measure of the course. Both calculators state their formula and source.
How do I assess the severity of an asthma exacerbation?
The Pediatric Asthma Score (Kelly 2000) classifies the sum 5–15 as mild, moderate, or severe exacerbation. Other options are the PRAM score with a sum of 0–12 and the PASS according to Gorelick 2004.