This version was machine-translated from German and has not been medically reviewed. The authoritative version is the German version.

Spirometry reference values (GLI)

FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 and FEF75: predicted, LLN and z-score according to GLI-2012 and GLI global 2022

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Sources

Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations (Eur Respir J 40:1324–1343) Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ et al., ERS Task Force / Global Lung Function Initiative, 2012. Reference equations from 74,187 healthy never-smokers; lookup tables free for non-commercial use (gli-network.org)
Race-Specific and Race-Neutral Equations for Lung Function Evaluation: GLI global (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207:768–774) Bowerman C, Bhakta NR, Brazzale D et al., Global Lung Function Initiative, 2023. Reference equations without an ethnicity factor, pooled from the same data as GLI-2012
ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests (Eur Respir J 60:2101499) Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR et al., European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society, 2022. Technical standard – interpretation with z-scores and LLN

Scientific basis last reviewed: September 2026.

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Note

Calculation aid for healthcare professionals. Percentiles and z-scores describe the position of a measured value in the reference population; clinical assessment remains with the treating physician.