This version was machine-translated from German and has not been medically reviewed. The authoritative version is the German version.

Spirometry reference values (GLI)

FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 and FEF75: predicted, LLN and z-score according to GLI-2012 and GLI global 2022

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Sources

Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations (Eur Respir J 40:1324–1343) Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ et al., ERS Task Force / Global Lung Function Initiative, 2012. Reference equations from 74,187 healthy never-smokers; lookup tables free for non-commercial use (gli-network.org)
A Race-neutral Approach to the Interpretation of Lung Function Measurements (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207:768–774) – GLI global 2022 Bowerman C, Bhakta NR, Brazzale D et al., Global Lung Function Initiative, 2023. GLI global reference equations (2022), which do not require ancestry/ethnicity as an input; derived from the same data as GLI-2012
ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests (Eur Respir J 60:2101499) Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR et al., European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society, 2022. Technical standard – interpretation with z-scores and LLN

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Note

Calculation aid for healthcare professionals. Clinical assessment remains with the treating physician.

Review date of the German original: 2026-11-05 · Methodology

For parents (in German): Bronchial asthma (kinderarzt.net)

Frequently asked questions

Spirometry reference values (GLI): What does this calculator compute?

Spirometry reference values for ages 3 to 95 years according to GLI-2012 (with ethnicity factor) and GLI global 2022 (without): FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 and FEF75 with lower limit of normal (LLN), z-score and percent predicted, both references side by side.

Spirometry reference values (GLI): Which sources is this calculator based on?

Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ et al., ERS Task Force / Global Lung Function Initiative: Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations (Eur Respir J 40:1324–1343) (2012); Bowerman C, Bhakta NR, Brazzale D et al., Global Lung Function Initiative: A Race-neutral Approach to the Interpretation of Lung Function Measurements (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207:768–774) – GLI global 2022 (2023); Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR et al., European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society: ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests (Eur Respir J 60:2101499) (2022)