This version was machine-translated from German and has not been medically reviewed. The authoritative version is the German version.

• HOMA-IR

  Insulin resistance from fasting glucose and insulin – study-specific cut-offs for obese children by pubertal status and sex (Kurtoğlu 2010, Keskin 2005); no universal threshold

• QUICKI – Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index

  1 / (log insulin + log glucose) – lower values indicate lower insulin sensitivity (Katz 2000)

• HbA1c ↔ mmol/mol ↔ average blood glucose (eAG)

  Conversion of HbA1c (NGSP %) to IFCC (mmol/mol) and estimated average blood glucose (ADAG formula)

• Total daily insulin dose according to ISPAD

  Expected daily dose by weight and phase (remission < 0.5, prepubertal 0.7–1.0, puberty 1–2 IU/kg/day) with basal fraction

• Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio (500 rule)

  Grams of carbohydrate per IU of bolus insulin = 500 / daily dose (young children 330 or 250) – with conversion to IU per bread unit

• Insulin correction factor (1800/100 rule)

  Blood glucose reduction per IU of rapid-acting insulin = 1800 / daily dose (mg/dl) or 100 / daily dose (mmol/l)

• Correction bolus

  (Current blood glucose − target value) / correction factor – enter the correction factor from the daily dose or directly

• Meal bolus (carbohydrates)

  Bolus = carbohydrates / carbohydrate factor, optionally plus correction bolus

• Calcium-phosphate product

  Ca × P in mg²/dl² and mmol²/l² – KDOQI target values < 65 (up to 12 years) or < 55 (over 12 years) with KDIGO caveat

• Free androgen index (FAI)

  Testosterone / SHBG × 100 – guide values for girls aged 12–21 years (< 3.45 healthy, > 6.15 suspected PCOS; Sağsak 2021)

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